Lecture 8a-MINERALS I
MAJOR MINERALS- 14 NOVEMBER 2011
MAJOR MINERALS
MINERALS-SOME GENERAL COMMENTS
WATER FUNCTIONS/SOURCES/DEFICIENCIES/TOXICITIES
MAJOR MINERALS
FUNCTIONS
SOURCES
DEFICIENCES
TOXICITIES
ABSORPTION AND TRANSPORT
FUNCTIONAL FOODS
MAJOR MINERAL SUPPLEMENTS (MINERALS AS NUTRACEUTICALS)
MAJOR MINERALS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE
WHATS NEW IN MAJOR MINERAL RESEARCH
MINERALS-SOME GENERAL COMMENTS
SINGLE ATOMS
CAN BE CHARGED OR UNCHARGED IN THE BODY
MAJOR -ARE FOUND IN THE BODY IN EXCESS OF 5 GRAMS
-ELECTROLYTES AND MINERALS
MINOR- ARE FOUND IN THE BODY IN AMOUNTS OF LESS THAN 5 GRAMS
MOST ESSENTIAL SINCE WE CANNOT MAKE THEM-SOME DEFICIENCIES HAVE NOT BEEN ESTABLISHED FOR SOME MINOR MINERALS MAKING IT UNCLEAR WHETHER THEY ARE NEEDED IN THE DIET
WHAT ARE THE MAJOR MINERALS
ELECTROLYTES
IN PART RESPONSIBLE FOR FLUID BALANCE IN BODY
SODIUM, POTASSIUM AND CHLORIDE
MAJOR MINERALS
CALCIUM, PHOSPHOROUS, MAGNESIUM AND SULPHUR
Water functions/sources/deficiencies/toxicities
-carries nutrients and waste products throughout the body
-maintains the structure of large molecules
e.g. proteins and glycogen
-participates in chemical reactions
-serves as solvent for small nutrients
-temperature-regulation
-blood volume-regulation
-water balance required for all this above
-sources-foods, drinks, water
-deficiencies- loss of above functions
-toxicities-none unless water balance failure
SODIUM
FUNCTION-fluid and electrolyte balance, pH control, muscle function, nerve impulse transmission
SOURCES-processed foods
DEFICIENCIES- rare-except with diarrhea, vomiting and kidney disorders
TOXICITIES – rare(kidney disposes of it)- edema and acute high blood pressure
POTASSIUM
FUNCTION-fluid and electrolyte balance, pH control, muscle function, nerve impulse transmission
SOURCES-fruits, vegetables, whole grains
DEFICIENCIES- muscle weakness, paralysis
TOXICITIES-supplements-muscle weakness, vomiting
CHLORIDE
FUNCTION-fluid and electrolyte balance, part of stomach acid
SOURCES-same as sodium
DEFICIENCIES-same as sodium
TOXICITIES-acute hypertension
CALCIUM
FUNCTION-bone and teeth formation, blood clotting, nerve transmission, muscle function, blood pressure
SOURCES –dairy, fortified orange juice, green leafy vegetables, small fish with bones
DEFICIENCIES-children-impaired growth, adults-osteoporosis
TOXICITIES-kidney stones, impaired iron absorption
PHOSPHOROUS
FUNCTION-bone and teeth formation, pH control, regulation of coenzyme function
SOURCES-all animal products, bread and ready to eat cereal
DEFICIENCIES-rare- weakness and bone pain
TOXICITIES- low blood calcium
MAGNESIUM
FUNCTION- bone formation, nerve transmission,
protein and carbohydrate metabolism (enzyme activity)
SOURCES-green leafy vegetables, nuts, whole grains seafood, chocolate
DEFICIENCIES-weakness, confusion, growth failure in children
TOXICITIES- rare- nausea, vomiting
SULPHUR
FUNCTION-protein structure, component of biotin, thiamin and insulin
SOURCES-all protein foods
DEFICIENCIES-unknown
TOXICITIES-unknown in humans
MAJOR MINERALS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE
DIGESTION, ABSORPTION AND TRANSPORT OF MAJOR MINERALS
PART OF STORY ON CONNECTION OF MINERAL SUPPLEMENTATION TO HEALTH
DIGESTION-NONE- MINERALS IN = MINERALS OUT
ABSORPTION-ACTIVE TRANSPORT INTO BLOOD
TRANSPORT-FREE
-OR BOUND TO OTHER MINERALS OR PROTEINS
FREE – EXAMPLES- SODIUM AND ALL OTHER MAJOR MINERALS (EXCEPT SULPHUR) FROM TIME TO TIME
BOUND-EXAMPLES
-SODIUM CHLORIDE
-POTASSIUM CHLORIDE
-SULPHUR-INSULIN
MAJOR MINERAL SUPPLEMENTS
REQUIRED IF:
A) INADEQUATE DIETARY SUPPLY OF MAJOR MINERALS RELATIVE TO NEED
B) IN DISEASE IN GENERAL if A MONITORING OF MAJOR MINERALS SHOWS REQUIREMENT.
USE OF FUNCTIONAL FOODS AND NUTRACEUTICALS TO SUPPLEMENT MAJOR MINERALS
EXAMPLE OF DESIGNER FUNCTIONAL FOOD
CALCIUM FORTIFIED ORANGE JUICE
NUTRACEUTICALS THE MORE COMMON ROUTE
MAJOR MINERALS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE
CYSTIC FIBROSIS
SODIUM SUPPLEMENTATION REQUIRED FOR INFANTS DUE TO LOW SODIUM IN FORMULA, BREAST MILK AND SOME INFANT FOODS
MAJOR MINERALS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE
CONTINUED
BURNS-FLUID LOSS- ELECTROLYTES REPLACEMENT
-CALCIUM, PHOSPHOROUS, MAGNESIUM replacement
-EATING PROBLEM
MAJOR MINERALS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE
CONTINUED
OSTEOPOROSIS
CALCIUM BUILD UP AS PREVENTION
SOURCES
CALCIUM CITRATE
CALCIUM CARBONATE
CAUTION
CALCIUM PHOSPHORUS BALANCE IN BODY
MAJOR MINERALS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE
CONTINUED
OSTEOARTHRITIS
CALCIUM SUPPLEMENT IF NOT SUFFICIENT IN DIET
-TO SLOW PROCESS
MAJOR MINERALS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE
CONTINUED
RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
CALCIUM SUPPLEMENT IF NOT SUFFICIENT IN DIET
TO SLOW PROCESS
IN ADVANCED OSTEOPOROSIS, OSTEOARTHRITIS, AND RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS GET DECREASED CALCIUM ABSORPTION
MAJOR MINERALS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE
CONTINUED
PREGNANCY
ADDITIONAL 2000 MG CALCIUM PER DAY to give DECREASED BLOOD PRESSURE DURING PREGNANCY
BETTER CHANCE OF SUCCESSFUL PREGNANCY
MAJOR MINERALS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE
CONTINUED
DECREASING BLOOD PRESSURE
- POTASSIUM, CALCIUM, MAGNESIUM SUPPLEMENTATION
-INDIVIDUALLY LOWER BLOOD PRESSURE
MAGNESIUM RELAXES ARTERIES
LOWER BLOOD PRESSURE REDUCES RISK OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS
MAJOR MINERALS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE
CONTINUED
STROKE- POTASSIUM SUPPLEMENTATION
LOWER DEATHS DUE TO STROKE
APPARENTLY UNRELATED TO BLOOD PRESSURE
MAJOR MINERALS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE
CONTINUED
SOME KIDNEY DISEASES- EG POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE- LOSE TOO MUCH SODIUM
NEED SODIUM SUPPLEMENT OR GET DROP IN BLOOD PRESSURE
MAJOR MINERALS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE
CONTINUED
SULPHUR IS OFF THE BOOKS AS A SUPPLEMENT
WHY?
WHATS NEW IN MAJOR MINERAL RESEARCH IN HEALTH AND DISEASE
DRS. Whiting and Wood, Nutr. Rev.55:1-9
MAGNESIUM LOSSES
a) Dietary calcium/magnesium milligram ratio of > 5
GET
magnesium deficiency-lower magnesium absorption
b) urinary magnesium up with 1000 milligram dietary supplement of calcium (DR. Whiting)
TWO WAYS OF GETTING REDUCED BODY MAGNESIUM
DUE TO INCREASED DIETARY CALCIUM
REDUCED ABSORPTION
INCREASED URINARY LOSS